Abstract
Against the challenge of extreme lead (Pb) contamination (>15,000 ppm) in industrial polluted soils, where conventional agents fail to disrupt stable Pb-soil complexes-this study extends our prior cadmium (Cd) remediation research to validate amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) for highly recalcitrant metals. Fifteen AAILs were screened via batch washing, with [Met][NO(3)] (methionine-based) demonstrating the highest Pb removal efficiency. Single-factor optimization revealed that under the conditions of 0.8 mol/L, 6:1 liquid-soil ratio, 60 min, 85.4% Pb was removed from severely contaminated soil by [Met][NO(3)]. Kinetic analysis using four common models showed that the second-order kinetic equation provided the best fit, indicating that Pb removal was predominantly driven by chemical reactions such as complexation or ion exchange. After washing, the contents of various Pb species were significantly reduced, thereby mitigating environmental risks. Notably, no substantial changes in soil texture were observed. However, a marked increase in organic matter content was detected, accompanied by decreases in soil pH and mineral element concentrations. Analysis of soil mineral composition, functional groups, and chemical speciation revealed that [Met][NO(3)] primarily facilitated Pb removal through ion-exchange and coordination reactions. This study establishes [Met][NO(3)] as a green agent with dual efficacy: it achieves high-efficiency remediation of severely Pb-contaminated soil while ensuring environmental sustainability, thus highlighting its potential for practical application.