Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of long-term disability with variable recovery. Preclinical studies suggest that vitamin D status influences the recovery after TBI. However, there is no published clinical data on links between vitamin D status and TBI outcomes. The aim was to determine the (i) prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, and associations of vitamin D status with (ii) demographic factors and TBI severity, and with (iii) cognitive function, symptoms and quality of life, in adults after TBI. DESIGN: Retrospective audit of patients seen between July 2009 and March 2015. Serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol) was categorized as deficient (<40 nmol/l), insufficient (40-70 nmol/l) or replete (>70 nmol/l). PATIENTS: A total of 353 adults seen in tertiary hospital clinic (75·4% lighter skinned, 74·8% male, age median 35·1 year, range 26·6-48·3 year), 0·3-56·5 months after TBI (74·5% moderate-severe). MEASUREMENTS: Serum vitamin D concentrations; Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), SF-36 Quality of Life, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: In total, 46·5% of patients after TBI had vitamin D deficiency and 80·2% insufficiency/deficiency. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had lower ACE-R scores than those of vitamin D replete (mean effect size ± SEM 4·5 ± 2·1, P = 0·034), and higher BDI-II scores than those of vitamin D insufficient (4·5 ± 1·6, P = 0·003), correcting for age, gender, time since TBI and TBI severity. There was no association between vitamin D status and markers of TBI severity, sleep or quality of life. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients after TBI and associated with impaired cognitive function and more severe depressive symptoms.