Abstract
Environmental osmolarity plays a crucial role in regulating the functions and behaviors of both host cells and pathogens. However, it remains unclear whether and how environmental osmotic stimuli modulate bacterial‒host interfacial adhesion. Using single-cell force spectroscopy, we revealed that the interfacial adhesion force depended nonlinearly on the osmotic prestimulation of host cells but not bacteria. Quantitatively, the adhesion force increased dramatically from 25.98 nN under isotonic conditions to 112.45 or 93.10 nN after the host cells were treated with the hypotonic or hypertonic solution. There was a strong correlation between the adhesion force and the number of host cells harboring adherent/internalized bacteria. We further revealed that enhanced overexpression levels of collagen XV and II were responsible for the increases in interfacial adhesion under hypotonic and hypertonic conditions, respectively. This work provides new opportunities for developing host-directed antibacterial strategies related to interfacial adhesion from a mechanobiological perspective.