Abstract
Reducing losses during pig transport is essential for breeders and transporters, particularly in semi-arid regions, where high temperatures exacerbate transport-related stress and risk of losses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of transport duration (short vs. long trips) on animal welfare and production losses during the commercial transport of weaner pigs in a semi-arid region. A total of 20 commercial journeys were monitored, with transport times of 30 min (15 km) and 150 min (170 km). Upon arrival, physiological and behavioral stress indicators were assessed in 960 weaner pigs (26.4 ± 2.8 kg body weight, 48 per journey). Production losses were determined by calculating the percentage of injured pigs (NAI), fatigued pigs (NANI), and those that were dead on arrival (DOA), whereas the total loss was expressed by the sum of NAI + NANI + DOA. Weaner pigs transported for 30 min exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and stress biomarkers (cortisol and creatine kinase levels). Additionally, this group showed a higher percentage (p < 0.05) of "sitting" pigs and a lower percentage of "lying" pigs in transit, as well as a higher frequency of agonistic behavior after transport compared to those transported for 150 min. Furthermore, higher production losses were recorded in the 30 min transport group, primarily due to the increased percentage of fatigued pigs and DOA pigs. Therefore, shorter transport operations in the Brazilian semi-arid region increased the risk to animal welfare and productive losses, likely due to handling-induced stress during loading.