Abstract
Induction of macroautophagy (hereafter termed autophagy) is a strategy to improve the outcome of antineoplastic therapies by facilitating the induction of immunogenic cancer cell death and the consequent immune recognition of malignant cells. We analyzed 65,000 distinct compounds by means of a phenotypic discovery platform for autophagy induction and identified the IGF1R (insulin like growth factor 1 receptor) inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP) as a potent inducer of autophagic flux. We found that PPP acts on-target, as an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of IGF1R and enhances the release of adenosine triphosphate, ATP, from stressed and dying cancer cells in vitro, thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy in cancer-bearing mice. This PPP effect was phenocopied by another IGF1R inhibitor, linsitinib. Moreover, in human triple-negative breast cancer, phosphorylation of IGF1R correlates with reduced autophagy, an unfavorable local immune profile and poor prognosis. In summary, IGF1R inhibition may constitute a novel strategy for the treatment of cancer in the context of chemoimmunotherapy.