Abstract
Glucose-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion and decreases blood glucose levels. In addition, it has been reported to suppress osteoclast formation. Native GIP is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (D-Ala2)GIP is a newly developed GIP analog that demonstrates enhanced resistance to DPP-4. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice received supracalvarial injections of LPS with or without (D-Ala2)GIP for 5 days. Osteoclast formation and bone resorption were evaluated, and TNF-α and RANKL expression were measured. In vitro, the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on RANKL- and TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis, LPS-triggered TNF-α expression in macrophages, and RANKL expression in osteoblasts were examined. Compared to the LPS-only group, calvariae co-administered LPS and (D-Ala2)GIP led to less osteoclast formation, lower bone resorption, and decreased TNF-α and RANKL expression. (D-Ala2)GIP inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL and TNF-α and downregulated TNF-α expression in macrophages and RANKL expression in osteoblasts in vitro. Furthermore, (D-Ala2)GIP suppressed the MAPK signaling pathway. The results suggest that (D-Ala2)GIP dampened LPS-triggered osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vivo by reducing TNF-α and RANKL expression and directly inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.