Abstract
BACKGROUND: Triglyceride (TG) concentrations decrease in response to fenofibrate treatment, and also are associated with DNA methylation. But how interactions between fenofibrate response and DNA methylation affect TGs remains unclear. METHODS: In the present study, we identified and compared differential methylation sites associated with TG concentrations in individuals before and after fenofibrate treatment. We then estimated interactions between fenofibrate treatment and methylation to identify differential methylation effects associated with fenofibrate treatment on TG concentrations using the entire longitudinal family sample. To account for within-family and within-individual corrections, the generalized estimating equations approach was used to estimate main and interaction effects between methylation sites and fenofibrate treatment, adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses were also performed with and without adjusting for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations. RESULTS: Prior to fenofibrate treatment, 23 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites were significantly associated with TG concentrations, while only 13 CpG sites were identified posttreatment, adjusting for HDL. Without adjusting for HDL, pretreatment, 20 CpG sites were significantly associated with TG concentrations, while only 12 CpG sites were identified posttreatment. Among these sites, only one differential site (cg19003390 in the CPT1A gene) overlapped from pre- and posttreatment measurements regardless of HDL adjustment. Furthermore, 11 methylation sites showed substantial interaction effects (p < 1.43 × 10(-7)with Bonferroni correction) with or without HDL adjustment when using the whole longitudinal data. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses suggest that DNA methylation likely modified the effect of fenofibrate on TG concentrations. Differential fenofibrate-associated methylation sites on TGs differed with and without adjusting for HDL concentrations, suggesting that these HDLs and TGs might share some common epigenetic processes.