Abstract
Hormesis, the beneficial effects of mild stress exposures, is a well documented phenomenon in a range of organisms. The documentation mainly relies on relatively simple and controlled laboratory investigations. In order to better understand hormesis and predict the outcome of more complex and realistic conditions, a number of key issues should be investigated in much more detail. One obstacle is the development of precise treatments optimized for single individuals. Only then can we progress with the use of hormesis as a therapeutic tool for humans.