Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis are common coagulase-negative staphylococcus opportunistic pathogens. In Thailand, the clinical strains S. haemolyticus 1864 and 48 and S. hominis subsp. hominis 384 and 371 have been recovered from sick dogs. These strains were methicillin resistant with the nontypeable staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (NT-SCCmec). The SCCmec element distribution in the clinical isolates from dogs was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing, which revealed the presence of different SCCmec composite islands (CIs) and gene structure. The SCCmec-CIs of ψSCCmec(1864) (13 kb) and ψSCC(1864) (11 kb) with a class C1 mec complex but no ccr gene were discovered in S. haemolyticus 1864. The CIs of ψSCCmec(48) with a C1 mec complex (28 kb), SCC(48) with ccrA4B4 (23 kb), and ψSCC(48) (2.6 kb) were discovered in S. haemolyticus 48. In SCC(48), insertion sequence IS256 contained an aminoglycoside-resistant gene [aph(2″)-Ia]. Two copies of IS431 containing the tetracycline-resistant gene tet(K) were found downstream of ψSCC(48). In S. hominis subsp. hominis, the SCCmec-CI in strain 384 had two separate sections: ψSCCmec(384) (20 kb) and SCC(ars) (23 kb). ψSCCmec(384) lacked the ccr gene complex but carried the class A mec complex. Trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (dfrC) was discovered on ψSCCmec(384) between two copies of IS257. In strain 371, SCCmec VIII (4A) (37 kb) lacking a direct repeat at the chromosomal end was identified. This study found SCCmec elements in clinical isolates from dogs that were structurally complex and varied in their genetic content, with novel organization. IMPORTANCE In Thailand, the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element, which causes methicillin resistance through acquisition of the mec gene, has been studied in clinical coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from various companion animals, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis were found to have the most nontypeable (NT)-SCCmec elements. These species are more prone to causing illness and more resistant to a variety of antimicrobials than other coagulase-negative staphylococci. However, full characterization of NT-SCCmec in clinical S. haemolyticus and S. hominis subsp. hominis isolates from such animals has been limited. Our findings support the use of full nucleotide sequencing rather than PCR designed for Staphylococcus aureus in further research of novel SCCmec elements. Moreover, several antimicrobial resistance and heavy metal resistance genes were identified on the SCCmec elements; these are important as they could limit the therapeutic options available in veterinary medicine.