Abstract
Toyocamycin (TM) is an adenosine-analog antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis. It inhibits Candida albicans, several plant fungal pathogens, and human cells, but many fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are much less susceptible to TM. Aiming to clarify why TM and its analogs tubercidin and 5-iodotubercidin are active against C. albicans but not S. cerevisiae, this study focused on the absence of purine nucleoside transport activity from S. cerevisiae. When the concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) of C. albicans was expressed in S. cerevisiae, the recombinant strain became sensitive to TM and its analogs. The expression of C. albicans purine nucleoside permease in S. cerevisiae did not result in sensitivity to TM. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-mediated disruption of CNT was performed in C. albicans. The CNTΔ strain of C. albicans became insensitive to TM and its analogs. These data suggest that the toxicity of TM and its analogs toward C. albicans results from their transport via CNT. Interestingly, S. cerevisiae also became sensitive to TM and its analogs if human CNT3 was introduced into cells. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of action of adenosine analogs toward Candida pathogens and human cells. IMPORTANCE We investigated the mechanism of toxicity of TM and its analogs to C. albicans. Inspired by the effect of the copresence of TM and purine nucleosides on cell growth of C. albicans, we investigated the involvement of CNT in the toxicity mechanism by expressing CNT of C. albicans (CaCNT) in S. cerevisiae and deleting CaCNT in C. albicans. Our examinations clearly demonstrated that CaCNT is responsible for the toxicity of TM to C. albicans. S. cerevisiae expressing the human ortholog of CaCNT also became sensitive to TM and its analogs, and the order of effects of the TM analogs was a little different between CaCNT- and hCNT3-expressing S. cerevisiae. These findings are beneficial for an understanding of the mechanisms of action of adenosine analogs toward Candida pathogens and human cells and also the development of new antifungal drugs.