Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (Lp) is an opportunistic drinking water pathogen that can cause infections through the inhalation of Lp-containing aerosols and can occur in premise plumbing systems. In this work, the use of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) ions was evaluated at the bench and pilot scale to determine (i) the effective independent concentrations of copper and silver that are efficacious in inactivating Lp, (ii) the impact of various water quality parameters on the efficaciousness of copper and silver ions, and (iii) the effectiveness and practicality of using dissociation to produce ions at the pilot scale. At the bench scale, it was determined that 0.3 ppm and 0.03 ppm of Cu and Ag, respectively, achieved 6-log inactivation of Lp in 5 h in experimental buffer. But, in dechlorinated filter-sterilized tap water, the same concentrations of Cu were not effective, and the effectiveness of Ag was slower. pH and dissolved inorganic carbon content were found to be important parameters in determining if the use of Cu and Ag ions is appropriate. At the pilot scale, dissociation was successfully used to produce Cu and Ag ions. Target levels of ions were met at the pilot scale but were difficult to achieve, and no impact was observed on Lp concentrations. Results from this study suggest that there are important caveats in the application of this technology when applied in a drinking water matrix and prior understanding of a system's water chemistry may be important to determine the effectiveness of Lp disinfection using Cu and Ag.IMPORTANCEThis work sheds light on the effectiveness of using Cu and Ag ions to inactivate (or kill) Legionella pneumophila. Legionella is an opportunistic drinking water pathogen of public health concern. This work demonstrates that there are important caveats in the application of using Cu and Ag ions to inactivate Legionella pneumophila.