Abstract
BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common type of intracranial tumors, frequently arising from primary cancers such as lung, breast, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in assessing both the morphological and molecular characteristics of BMs, particularly in evaluating treatment response following radiosurgery. However, the interpretation of these imaging changes remains complex, often influencing clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the morphological changes and molecular behavior of BMs postradiosurgery using MRI to assess treatment response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted at a high specialty medical center, including 41 patients with BMs treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) from 2018 to 2022. Patients had a baseline MRI (pre-SRS) prior to treatment and follow-ups at 2-3 months (MRI-2) and 5-6 months (MRI-3). The response assessment in neuro-oncology brain metastases (RANO-BM) criteria were used, and T1/T2 matching was analyzed for each follow-up. Logistic regression was performed relating the T1/T2 matching and susceptibility areas (susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)) for MRI-2 and MRI-3. Cross tables were created regarding treatment response and demographic characteristics according to Pearson's Chi-squared test. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.7 years; 53.7% (n = 22) were female. Primary tumors included lung (29.3%, n = 12), breast (19.5%, n = 8), colon (12.2%, n = 5), and melanoma and kidney tumors (7.3%, n = 3). Post-SRS changes included transitions from solid to cystic lesions, reduced perilesional edema, size reduction, and increased areas of magnetic susceptibility. A mixed pattern (areas of T1/T2 match + mismatch) was noted at lesion margins during follow-ups (MRI-2: 70.7% (n = 29), MRI-3: 68.3% (n = 28)). Most patients exhibited a partial response at MRI-2 (43.9%, n = 18), while at MRI-3, disease progression occurred (43.9%, n = 18) due to an increase in lesion number. Logistic regression linking T1/T2 matching and SWI demonstrated a significantly central-peripheral SWI distribution for T1/T2 match during both follow-ups (MRI-2: p = 0.005, R2: 0.52; MRI-3: p = 0.002, R2: 0.56). SWI distribution was higher when a mixed T1/T2 matching was present. Significant associations were found with systemic treatment and response type at MRI-2 (p =0.001), predominantly showing a partial response for those receiving chemotherapy + targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS: SWI and T1/T2 mismatch are valuable tools reflecting changes in the tumor microenvironment postradiosurgery, aiding in treatment response monitoring. The appearance of susceptibility areas may precede changes in the enhancement of the lesion margin. Short-term follow-ups (2-3 months) are crucial due to prevalent progression, marked primarily by the appearance of new lesions in approximately 50% of patients.