Abstract
Activated sludge is a semi-natural habitat composed of macroaggregates made by flocculating bacteria and inhabited by numerous protozoans and metazoans, creating a complicated interactome. The activated sludge resembles the biological formation of naturally occurring floc habitats, such as "marine snow." So far, these two types of habitat have been analyzed separately, despite their similarities. We examined the effect of a bacterivorous ciliate, Aspidisca cicada, on the quality of the macroaggregate ecosystem by estimating (i) the floc characteristics, (ii) the proliferation of other bacterivores (rotifers), and (iii) the chemical processes. We found that A. cicada (i) positively affected floc quality by creating flocs of larger size; (ii) promoted the population growth of the rotifer Lecane inermis, an important biological agent in activated sludge systems; and (iii) increased the efficiency of ammonia removal while at the same time improving the oxygen conditions. The effect of A. cicada was detectable long after its disappearance from the system. We therefore claim that A. cicada is a very specialized scavenger of flocs with a key role in floc ecosystem functioning. These results may be relevant to the ecology of any natural and engineered aggregates.