Abstract
Applying toxic chemical to the synthesis of stable gold nanoparticles is one of the limitations of gold nanoparticles for therapeutic applications such as photothermal therapy. Plant compounds such as apigenin (API) with therapeutic potential can be applied in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. API-coated gold nanoparticles (Api@AuNPs) with an average size of 19.1 nm and a surface charge of -4.3 mV have been synthesized by a simple and efficient technique. The stability of Api@AuNPs in the biological environment was verified through UV-Vis spectroscopy. Based on Raman and FTIR spectroscopy analysis, chemical binding of API on the surface of Api@AuNPs through hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups was found to be the main reason for the stability of the Api@AuNPs in comparison with citrate-coated gold nanoparticles (Cit@AuNPs). The synthesized Api@AuNPs do not cause major toxic effects up to 128 ppm. Api@AuNP-mediated photothermal therapy leads to the indiscriminate eradication of almost half of both mouse fibroblastic (L929) and colorectal cancer (CT26) cells. Flow-cytometry analysis revealed that the cell death mechanism is mainly apoptosis. In the apoptosis triggered cell death in photothermal treatment, Api@AuNPs are preferred over commonly used gold nanoparticles in photothermal treatments which mostly trigger the necrosis cell death pathway.