Abstract
Adult males of some primate species are known to positively interact with juveniles. In cases where paternal certainty is high, these behaviors have been largely attributed to the paternal investment hypothesis. Males have also been observed to interact with nonkin juveniles, which has often been explained in terms of mating effort. Here, we examined variation in adult male-juvenile affiliation in semi-free ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center against possible influencing factors such as age, dominance rank, and female affiliation, and we also tested for fitness benefits. We conducted 154 h of focal observations of 14 adult males from June to September 2018. Males differed significantly in their rate of juvenile-directed affiliation, but not in their fitness in terms of number of offspring. There was a significant positive correlation between rank and age in the group, indicating that, in this group, rank does not conform to the classic inverted-U pattern observed elsewhere in this species. Although there was a significant positive correlation between rank and juvenile-directed affiliation, the highest-ranking male had few offspring and exhibited little juvenile-directed affiliation. These results suggest little to no preliminary support for either the paternal investment or mating effort hypotheses as explanations for juvenile-directed affiliation. This study suggests that there are multiple behavioral strategies for older males that may influence reproductive success.