Abstract
Objectives. To determine the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Canada and the annual coverage of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) and needle-and-syringe provision for PWID.Methods. We estimated the number of PWID in 11 of 13 Canadian provinces and territories in 2011 by using indirect multiplier methods based on provincial and territorial methadone recipient totals and proportion of surveyed PWID receiving methadone. We modeled annual increases for 2011 to 2016 on Quebec and British Columbia longitudinal data. We calculated needle-and-syringe coverage (World Health Organization [WHO] recommendation: ≥ 200 per PWID) and OAT coverage (WHO recommendation: ≥ 40 per 100 PWID) per province and territory annually.Results. An estimated 130 000 individuals in Canada (0.55%) injected drugs in 2011, increasing to 171 900 individuals (0.70%) in 2016. Needle-and-syringe coverage increased from 193 to 291 per PWID, and OAT coverage increased from 55 to 66 per 100 PWID over the study period.Conclusions. While the number of PWID increased between 2011 and 2016, OAT coverage remained high, and needle-and-syringe coverage generally improved over time.Public Health Implications. These data will inform public health surveillance, service planning, and resource allocation, and assist monitoring of treatment and harm-reduction coverage outcomes.