Abstract
This work is focused on designing an easy-to-use novel perfusion system for articular cartilage (AC) tissue engineering and using it to elucidate the mechanism by which interstitial shear upregulates matrix synthesis by articular chondrocytes (AChs). Porous chitosan-agarose (CHAG) scaffolds were synthesized and compared to bulk agarose (AG) scaffolds. Both scaffolds were seeded with osteoarthritic human AChs and cultured in a novel perfusion system with a medium flow velocity of 0.33 mm/s corresponding to 0.4 mPa surfice shear and 40 mPa CHAG interstitial shear. While there were no statistical differences in cell viability for perfusion versus static cultures for either scaffold type, CHAG scaffolds exhibited a 3.3-fold higher (p < 0.005) cell viability compared to AG scaffold cultures. Effects of combined superficial and interstitial perfusion for CHAG showed 150- and 45-fold (p < 0.0001) increases in total collagen (COL) and 13- and 2.2-fold (p < 0.001) increases in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) over AG non-perfusion and perfusion cultures, respectively, and a 1.5-fold and 3.6-fold (p < 0.005) increase over non-perfusion CHAG cultures. Contrasting CHAG perfusion and static cultures, chondrogenic gene comparisons showed a 3.5-fold increase in collagen type II/type I (COL2A1/COL1A1) mRNA ratio (p < 0.05), and a 1.3-fold increase in aggrecan mRNA. Observed effects are linked to NF-κB signal transduction pathway inhibition as confirmed by a 3.2-fold (p < 0.05) reduction of NF-κB mRNA expression upon exposure to perfusion. Our results demonstrate that pores play a critical role in improving cell viability and that interstitial flow caused by medium perfusion through the porous scaffolds enhances the expression of chondrogenic genes and extracellular matrix through downregulating NF-κB1.