Abstract
The adrenal gland produces steroid hormones to play essential roles in regulating various physiological processes. Our previous studies showed that knockout of hepatic Surf4 (Surf4(LKO)) markedly reduced fasting plasma total cholesterol levels in adult mice, including low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Here, we found that plasma cholesterol levels were also dramatically reduced in 4-week-old young mice and non-fasted adult mice. Circulating lipoprotein cholesterol is an important source of the substrate for the production of adrenal steroid hormones. Therefore, we investigated whether adrenal steroid hormone production was affected in Surf4(LKO) mice. We observed that lacking hepatic Surf4 essentially eliminated lipid droplets and significantly reduced cholesterol levels in the adrenal gland; however, plasma levels of aldosterone and corticosterone were comparable in Surf4(LKO) and the control mice under basal and stress conditions. Further analysis revealed that mRNA levels of genes encoding enzymes important for hormone synthesis were not altered, whereas the expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase was significantly increased in the adrenal gland of Surf4(LKO) mice, indicating increased de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and enhanced LDLR and SR-BI-mediated lipoprotein cholesterol uptake. We also observed that the nuclear form of SREBP2 was increased in the adrenal gland of Surf4 (LKO) mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that the very low levels of circulating lipoprotein cholesterol in Surf4(LKO) mice cause a significant reduction in adrenal cholesterol levels but do not significantly affect adrenal steroid hormone production. Reduced adrenal cholesterol levels activate SREBP2 and thus increase the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, which increases de novo cholesterol synthesis to compensate for the loss of circulating lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in the adrenal gland of Surf4(LKO) mice.