Abstract
BACKGROUND: Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental defect of enamel characterized by incomplete or defective enamel formation. It is often influenced by genetic, systemic, and environmental factors, including diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 children aged 6-12 years from urban and rural schools. Data were collected through structured dietary questionnaires and oral examinations to assess the presence and severity of enamel hypoplasia. Dietary intake was classified into groups based on sugar frequency, calcium-rich foods, and vitamin D levels. Enamel hypoplasia was graded using the Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (DDE Index). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression to evaluate associations. RESULTS: Out of 200 children, 72 (36%) exhibited signs of enamel hypoplasia. High sugar consumption was significantly associated with enamel hypoplasia (P < 0.001), with 48% of children in the high-sugar group presenting with defects compared to 18% in the low-sugar group. Calcium-rich diets were protective, as only 10% of children with adequate calcium intake showed enamel hypoplasia (P < 0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was identified in 62% of affected children, indicating a strong correlation (P < 0.01). Logistic regression revealed that high sugar intake increased the odds of enamel hypoplasia by 2.8 times (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6-4.7). CONCLUSION: Diet plays a pivotal role in the development of enamel hypoplasia in children. High sugar consumption and vitamin D deficiency are key contributors, while calcium-rich diets offer protection.