Abstract
Mixed-anion perovskite compounds containing hydride ions (H(-)) are promising catalysts for ammonia synthesis under mild reaction conditions. Oxyhydride BaTiO(3-x)H(x) is a typical example, with a positive correlation between H(-) concentration x and catalytic activity; however, the previously reported topochemical synthesis achieved a maximum x value of ∼0.6. Herein, we significantly expand the H(-) solubility limit to ∼1 by using mechanochemical synthesis, wherein its nonthermal reaction condition enables oxyhydride formation rather than undesired metal-hydride formation and/or hydrogen desorption. The prepared Ru/BaTiO(2)H catalyst showed notable activity for ammonia synthesis (34 mmol g(-1) h(-1) at 400 °C and 0.9 MPa), which is much higher than that of the reported Ru/BaTiO(2.5)H(0.5) catalyst. More surprisingly, when compared at the same H(-) concentration of x = 0.5, the mechanochemically prepared sample was approximately three times more active than the topochemically prepared sample. The Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (Bragg-CDI) technique revealed a non-negligible lattice strain in the mechanochemical product, not only at the surface but also inside the crystal, which is approximately ten times larger than that of the topochemical product, likely contributing to the enhanced catalytic activity. These findings indicate that mechanochemical synthesis enables the design of functional H(-)-based materials in terms of both the H(-) concentration and the lattice strain.