Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) densely innervate auditory cortex (ACtx), conveying signals linked to internal brain states and external sensory cues. Several studies have shown that acetylcholine (ACh) rapidly modifies local cortical circuits via nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) on layer 1 (L1) inhibitory neurons. BFCN terminals are also abundant in L6, though the mechanisms and functional consequences of cholinergic modulation in deeper cortical layers has received less attention. Here, we performed multi-plex in situ labeling across cortical layers and cell types and found that L6 pyramidal neurons (L6-PNs) were highly enriched in diverse nAChR subunit and muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) transcripts. In vivo optogenetic activation of BFCN axons revealed persistent modulation of regular spiking (RS) units in L2-6 but a rapid phasic activation only in L6. In acute slices, optogenetic activation of BFCN axons elicited fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials via nAChRs in L6-PNs, comparable to responses in L1-INs, and slower inhibitory responses mediated by mAChRs. These findings identify L1 inhibitory neurons and L6 excitatory neurons as two hubs that mediate BFCN modulation of cortical circuits. Transcriptional, synaptic, and local circuit connectivity differences between L1 and L6 hubs may allow BFCN inputs to shape perception and plasticity on distinct timescales.