Abstract
Digital microfluidic chips (DMCs) have shown huge potential for biochemical analysis applications due to their excellent droplet manipulation capabilities. The driving force is a critical factor for characterizing and optimizing the performance of droplet manipulation. Conducting numerical analysis of the driving force is essential for DMC design, as it helps optimize the structural parameters. Despite advances in numerical analysis, evaluating driving forces in partially filled electrodes remains challenging. Here, we propose a versatile electrodynamics simulation model designed to analyze the driving forces of partially filled electrodes to optimize the structural parameters of DMCs. This model utilizes finite element analysis to determine the voltage distribution within the DMC and calculates the driving force acting on the droplets using the principles of virtual work. Using this electrodynamics simulation model, we evaluated the effects of various structural parameters, including the dielectric constant and thickness of the dielectric layer, the dielectric constant and conductivity of the droplet, and substrate spacing, on the droplet driving force. This evaluation helps to optimize the structural parameters and enhances the droplet manipulation of DMCs. Measurements of droplet acceleration demonstrated that the droplet acceleration on the partially filled electrode aligns with the simulated driving force trend, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed electrodynamics simulation model. We anticipate that the electrodynamics simulation model is capable of evaluating the driving force in partially filled electrodes within complex DMCs, offering unprecedented possibilities for future structural designs of DMCs.