Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also known as VEGF-A, has been linked to various diseases, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) and cancer. Even though there are VEGF inhibitors that are currently commercially available in clinical applications, severe adverse effects have been associated with these treatments. There is still a need to develop novel VEGF-based therapeutics against these VEGF-related diseases. Here, we established a series of VEGF-based computational docking analyses and cell models, such as a wound healing assay in HaCaT cells and an evaluation of NF-κB performance in macrophages, to screen a large library of flavonoid-type phytochemicals. Three flavonoids, namely, farrerol, ononin and (-)-epicatechin, were shown to express binding affinities to VEGF protein and inhibit VEGF-mediated biological activities. The investigation evidently suggested that the three flavonoids above could be considered potential anti-VEGF agents for the following drug development against VEGF-mediated diseases.