Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore and summarize the changes in depressive symptoms and their influencing factors among the elderly before and after the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, so as to provide evidence-based references for the prevention and management of depression in the elderly. METHOD: By searching published in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Springer Link, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis databases, the literature on depression in older adults was collected using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Depression Scale (CDS-11) questionnaire and diagnostic interview (CDI-SF) as a tool. Among them, in the included literature, before January 2023 was identified as the pre-outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and due to the differences in the time of full liberalization of countries, the beginning of 2023 to now was identified as the late outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and Stata17 was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Thirteen pre-COVID-19 pandemic and seven post-COVID-19 pandemic literatures were included. A total of seven influencing factors were included. Before the COVID-19 pandemic: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, trends in potential risks for depression among older adults included: being female (OR = 1.464, 95% CI: 1.164~1.840,p < 0.001), being divorced or widowed (OR = 2.126, 95% CI: 1.170~3.862, P = 0.013), and having a chronic disease (OR = 1.174, 95% CI: 1.023~1.347, P = 0.022), age ≥ 70 years (OR = 1.336,95%CI: 0.850~2.102, P = 0.210), loneliness (OR = 2.450,95%CI: 2.445~2.455, P = < 0.001) and the junior middle school and the following qualifications (OR＝1.145, 95% CI:0.873~1.501, p＝0.327 ) were trends in potential risks for depression in older adults. Living alone (OR = 0.939, 95%CI: 0.417~2.116, P = 0.88), high school education or above (OR = 0.904,95%CI: 0.640~1.276, P = 0.564) were the lower risks. After the outbreak: being female (OR = 1.156, 95% CI: 0.675 ~ 1.980, P = 0.596), the junior middle school and the following qualifications (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.964 ~ 1.143, P = 0.264), having a chronic disease (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 1.003 ~ 1.605, P = 0.047), age ≥ 70 years (OR = 1.472, 95% CI: 0.861 ~ 2.517, P = 0.158), there is loneliness (OR = 2.913, 95% CI: 2.372 ~ 3.578, p < 0.001), live alone (OR = 1.627, 95% CI: 0.798 ~ 3.318, P = 0.180), high school education or above (OR = 1.053,95%CI:0.757 ~ 1.465, P = 0.757) were trends in potential risks for depression in older adults, divorce or widowed (OR = 0.482,95%CI:0.041 ~ 5.704, P = 0.563) were lower risks. CONCLUSIONS: The study found that the association patterns between depression in the elderly and five factors (divorced or widowed status, aged ≥ 70 years, loneliness, living alone, and high school education or above) exhibited distinct characteristics before and after the pandemic. Among these, loneliness and chronic diseases were consistently significant risk factors for depression in the elderly, and the strength of the association between loneliness and depression was further enhanced in the post-pandemic period. Notably, the significant association between female gender and depression observed in the pre-pandemic period no longer existed in the post-pandemic period. This change is speculated to be related to adjustments in the coverage of social support after the pandemic, which requires further verification in subsequent studies. Based on the above association characteristics, targeted intervention measures can be adopted in the post-pandemic period, such as striving to alleviate loneliness in the elderly, strengthening health monitoring for key groups including the elderly living alone and those aged ≥ 70 years, and promoting the organic integration of chronic disease management and psychological assessment, so as to effectively reduce the risk of depression in the elderly. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-026-07088-4.