Abstract
Several studies investigated risk and prognostic parameters for horses with colic; however, the consensus is still debated. The present work aimed to investigate colic outcomes and to identify risk factors in horses referred for colic. In this multicenter retrospective study, 236 clinical records of equids referred for colic at three different equine centers were reviewed. The following data were collected: history, signalment, physical examination at the time of admission, hematological and biochemical analysis, diagnosis, SIRS status and 0-6 point-scale SIRS score, colic type, treatment attempted, and outcome. Descriptive statistics were performed, and distribution of continuous variables was reported as median and percentile. A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to assess parameters associated with colic outcomes in horses (p < 0.05). A total of 138/236 horses were included in the study. The univariate analysis identified as potentially associated with the outcome: sex (p = 0.046), colic type (p < 0.001), treatment type (p < 0.001), SIRS score (p = 0.049), age (p-value = 0.057), heart rate (p = 0.013), and respiratory rate (p = 0.017). The logistic regression model indicated that colic type (p < 0.001) and age (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with a negative outcome. Equine colic risks are multifactorial; prognosis declines with age and strangulating obstructive non-strangulating colic. Poor outcomes link to cardiovascular signs like elevated heart rate, SIRS status and score, and blood lactate. Heterogeneity from diverse sites limits generalizability, but standardized protocols, binarized data, and a multicenter approach enhance robustness and representativeness while reducing local biases.