Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study assessed the proportion of secondary cardiovascular prevention patients who achieved low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol targets as per the 2019 ESC/EAS Dyslipidemia Guidelines. We also evaluated whether lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) were adjusted in patients not meeting targets and analyzed the likelihood of these modifications achieving recommended levels. Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional observational study retrospectively reviewed medical records of 1909 outpatients in 9 Italian cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention clinics from January 2023 to June 2024. Inclusion criteria included prior atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and recent LDL-cholesterol levels. Data included demographics, ASCVD presentation, lipid profiles, and LLTs. Patients at very high risk had LDL targets of ≤55 mg/dL, or ≤40 mg/dL for recurrent events within 2 years. Clinicians' approaches to LLT modification in patients not at target were recorded, with LLT efficacy estimated based on percentage distance from LDL-cholesterol targets. Results: Of the 1909 patients, 41.3% met the LDL-cholesterol target. Predictors of achieving targets included male gender, cardiac rehabilitation, recent acute coronary syndrome, diabetes, and triple therapy (statin + ezetimibe + PCSK9 inhibitors). Conversely, a target of ≤40 mg/dL, lack of therapy, and monotherapy were negative predictors. Among 1074 patients not at target, LLT modifications were proposed for 48.6%. Predictors of LLT modification included recent ASCVD events, cardiac rehabilitation, and greater percentage distance from the LDL target, while advanced age and an LDL target of ≤40 mg/dL were negative predictors. However, only 42.3% of modified therapies were predicted to be effective in reaching LDL targets. Conclusions: Despite 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines, a significant proportion of high-risk patients did not achieve LDL targets, and proposed LLT modifications were often insufficient. More intensive LLT regimens are needed to improve outcomes in this population.