Abstract
Diabetic wound healing remains a significant clinical challenge because of hyperglycaemia-induced cellular senescence, impaired angiogenesis, and chronic inflammation. To address these issues, we developed a multifunctional hydrogel (GelMA/PNS/Alg@IGF-1) that integrates gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA), Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), and sodium alginate microspheres encapsulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). This hydrogel was engineered to achieve gradient and sustained release of bioactive agents to target senescence and promote vascular repair. In vitro studies demonstrated that the hydrogel significantly reduced oxidative stress, suppressed senescence markers and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, and restored endothelial cell function under high-glucose conditions by inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the modulation of pathways linked to inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. This hydrogel accelerated diabetic wound closure in a rat model in vivo and enhanced collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, and neovascularization. Furthermore, the hydrogel mitigated oxidative stress and cellular senescence and promoted tissue remodelling. The synergistic effects of PNS and IGF-1 within the hydrogel established a pro-regenerative microenvironment to address both pathological ageing and vascular dysfunction. These findings highlight GelMA/PNS/Alg@IGF-1 as a promising therapeutic platform for diabetic wound management, as this material offers dual anti-senescence and proangiogenic efficacy to overcome the complexities of chronic wound healing.