Abstract
Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) have become popular substitutes for bisphenol A (BPA) in the plastic industry due to concerns over BPA's adverse effects. However, there is limited information on children's exposure to these chemicals. This study aims to assess the extent of BPA, BPF, and BPS exposure and determine factors that influence such exposure. A group of Thai children (age 6-13 years, N = 358) were recruited between October 2019 and 2020. Two first-morning voids were collected one week apart. Demographic and exposure-related information was gathered. Urinary concentrations of bisphenols were analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Correlation between bisphenol concentrations with age, body weight, and sources of bisphenol exposure, was determined using generalized estimating equations with linear model. BPA, BPF, and BPS were detected at 79.6%, 31.0%, and 16.8%, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 1.41, 0.013, and 0.014 ng/mL, respectively. Younger children aged <10 years exhibited 1.3-1.6 times higher GM levels of all bisphenols compared to older children. Exposure to food stored in plastic containers was associated with higher levels of BPF and BPS. In conclusion, BPA was the most frequently detected bisphenol in urine samples from Thai children, followed by BPF and BPS.