Abstract
BACKGROUND: The initial 1,000 days of life represent a critical window for determining long-term health. Nutrition in early life has a significant impact on developmental programming of metabolism, immunity, and gut microbiota, with long-term implications for chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review compiles evidence for the role of plant-derived bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, genistein, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, in early-life nutritional programming. It describes how these phytochemicals influence epigenetic control, gut microbiota colonization, and physiological development. Preclinical and clinical findings are summarized to assess their potential inclusion in infant nutrition. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: Early supplementation with specific phytochemicals maintains intestinal barrier function, balances gut microbiota, and supports immune and metabolic resilience. Polyphenols, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides improve beneficial microbial populations, and genistein has epigenetic regulatory activity. Carotenoids support neurodevelopment and antioxidant defense. These compounds, when administered during critical window of development, can reprogram disease susceptibility into adulthood. Although showing promise in preclinical results, human data to date are scarce, and translational issues like dosage optimization, safety, and formulation need to be resolved. The research recommends the incorporation of phytochemicals into complementary infant foods as a preventive measure against chronic diseases in adulthood, advocating for a paradigm shift towards bioactive-enhanced early-life nutrition.