Abstract
Cervical cancer is a global public health problem. While HPV vaccination effectively prevents cervical cancer, vaccination coverage remains low in low -and middle-income countries (LMICs) where around 94% of cervical cancer-related deaths occur. To improve coverage and accelerate progress toward achieving cervical cancer elimination, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries switch to a single-dose HPV vaccination schedule in 2022. Despite strong evidence of the health and economic benefits of a single-dose HPV vaccination schedule, its adoption has varied across countries. We sought to rapidly review existing evidence to assess the “how” of policy reform on HPV vaccination, leveraging a policy analysis of single-dose HPV vaccination adoption in three East African countries. We used the Health Policy Triangle Framework (HPF) to compile key considerations that led to the adoption of single-dose HPV vaccination in Ethiopia, Uganda, and Tanzania. Relevant articles from peer-reviewed journals and grey literature published up to December 2024 were selected using pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and summarized using a rapid qualitative analysis approach guided by the HPF. Twenty-four articles from academic and grey literature were examined. Beyond context-specific aspects, a few common themes emerged across the three countries. Political will focused on addressing cervical cancer as a public health problem, and it was crucial to prioritize the revision of the HPV vaccination policy. The policy revision on the HPV vaccination schedule was undertaken, building on existing evidence and the WHO endorsement. Additionally, the availability of key evidence on the magnitude of this public health problem (eg: burden of the disease), the potential benefit of a single-dose schedule (efficacy, and the economic impact) played an important role in the policy revision process. At the national level, National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs) that provided evidence-based guidance to policy-makers were central to the single-dose decision-making process. Our findings highlighted key considerations for the policy revision process in three East African countries, which could inform strategic policy decisions in these countries and comparable settings. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-026-14336-1.