Abstract
BACKGROUND: Enterobacter hormaechei is an important pathogen in humans and animals, which, in addition to its intrinsic AmpC, can acquire a wide variety of genes conferring resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and carbapenems (CPs). In France, human clinical outbreaks of E. hormaechei resistant to ESC or carbapenem were reported. OBJECTIVES: To study E. hormaechei isolates from cats and dogs (=59) as well as from horses (n = 55) presenting a non-susceptible phenotype to beta-lactams in order to determine which clones, resistance genes and plasmids are circulating in France. MATERIAL AND METHODS: E. hormaechei isolates (n = 114) were short-read sequenced and five isolates were long-read sequenced to better characterize the plasmids carrying ESC- and CP-resistance determinants. Phenotypes were characterized by antibiograms using the disc diffusion method. RESULTS: A clear divergence in the molecular epidemiology was observed depending on the host. In cats and dogs, most of the isolates presented an overexpressed ampC gene or the blaCTX-M-15 gene carried by an IncHI2 plasmid, and eight isolates (8/59, 13.6%) presented the blaOXA-48 carbapenemase gene. Thirty-two isolates (32/59, 54.2%) belonged to the human high-risk clones ST78, ST114 and ST171. Contrarily, in horses, ESC resistance was mostly due to the blaSHV-12 and blaCTX-M-15 genes carried by an IncHI2 plasmid, and high-risk clones were rarely identified (5/55, 9.0%). DISCUSSION: Potential selection by antibiotic use (which is on an increasing trend in France for cats, dogs and horses), the dissemination capacities of both conjugative IncHI2 plasmids and high-risk clones, and possible transfers of resistant bacteria between humans and animals strongly indicate that E. hormaechei should be closely monitored.