Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) is an iron-rich, insoluble brown or black pigment that exhibits protective properties. However, its accumulation over time may render it a source of free radicals. In Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neurons with the highest NM levels and increased iron content are preferentially vulnerable to degeneration. Considering NM's iron binding capacity and the critical role of iron in ferroptosis, we aimed to investigate the interplay between neuromelanin and ferroptosis in dopaminergic cells. We prepared two NM pigments: iron-free NM (ifNM) and iron-containing NM (Fe(3+)NM) and, exposed to cells. After verifying NM accumulation, cell viability was assessed in the absence or presence of antioxidants (NAC (1 mM), Trolox (100 μM)) and specific inhibitors of cell death types. Ferroptosis-related parameters, including lipid peroxidation byproducts (4-HNE), lipid ROS, glutathione, intracellular iron, GPX4, and ACSL4, and cellular iron metabolism-related proteins (TfR1, ferroportin, ferritin, IREB2) were evaluated following ifNM and Fe(3+)NM treatments, with or without Ferrostatin-1, Liproxstatin-1 and deferoxamine. Both NMs induced cell death via distinct mechanisms. Ferroptotic cell death by ifNM and Fe(3+)NM was reversed by ferrostatin-1 and NAC (p < 0.05). Significant alterations in lipid peroxidation, GPX4 levels, and iron metabolism were observed independent of NM's iron composition (p < 0.05). Ferritin levels increased following ifNM treatment, reflecting an adaptive response to iron overload, while Fe(3+)NM treatment led to ferritin depletion, possibly via ferritinophagy. Our findings reveal a distinct role of iron-rich and iron-free neuromelanin in modulating ferroptotic pathways, highlighting the potential of targeting neuromelanin-iron interactions as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate neuronal ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease.