Abstract
While known sex differences in bone health exist, scientific studies on bone degeneration and regeneration frequently disregard sex impact as a variable in outcomes. Evidence has established a higher risk of osteoporosis and increased bone degradation rates in women when compared to men. Accumulating research suggests that this disparity is also present in bone regeneration and repair. However, no comprehensive review highlighting the influence of sex currently exists in this field. This paper aims to review the information presently available on the cellular mechanisms behind skeletal sexual dimorphism specific to hormones and bone's degenerative and regenerative sex differences. This review will discuss the optimization of personalized regenerative therapies accounting for sex. The review emphasizes that sex impact must further be investigated to advance the field of bone regeneration and improve patient outcomes and quality of life. As translational medicine is JOT's focus, authors must highlight the translational potential or clinical significance of their work in both the abstract and the discussion. To this effect, it is required to include a statement following the abstract (included in the abstract word count) under the following heading: "The Translational Potential of this Article". 2. Please re-edit the reference list according to the following guidelines: 1) The last names and initials of all the authors up to 6 should be included, but when authors number 7 or more, list the first 6 authors only followed by 'et al'; 2) The "[eng]" in the reference list should be removed (if any); 3) Reference to a standard journal article (Please pay particular attention to the formatting, word capitalization, spacing and style): "Niemansburg SL, van Delden JJ, Dhert WJ, Bredenoord AL. Regenerative medicine interventions for orthopedic disorders: ethical issues in the translation into patients. Regen Med 2013;8:65-73.