Abstract
Background: Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, play a crucial role in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by regulating the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. This study investigated the methylation status of miR-124-3 and its role in OSCC progression. Methods: This study applied the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip assay to profile >850,000 CpG sites in paired OSCC and normal tissues. The methylation data were validated by further analyzing the methylation level of miR-124-3 by using a bisulfite pyrosequencing assay. We investigated whether miR-124-3 acts as a tumor suppressor by establishing miR-124-3-overexpressing OSCC cells and subjecting them to cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration assays. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the target genes of miR-124-3 in OSCC cells. Results: The Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip and bisulfite pyrosequencing assays consistently identified hypermethylation of miR-124-3 in OSCC tissues relative to normal oral tissues. It was especially notable that miR-124-3 methylation levels were markedly higher in late-stage tumors than in early-stage, and differed significantly between early-stage tumor and normal tissues, indicating that miR-124-3 methylation is an early event in OSCC development. Methylation of miR-124-3 contributes markedly to the downregulation of the gene, leading to the increased expression of its target gene, leucine-rich repeat-containing 1 (LRRC1), which is considered to be positively associated with cancer progression. Moreover, overexpression of miR-124-3 suppressed the proliferation and migration of OSCC cells, while silencing the expression of LRRC1 produced similar tumor-suppressive effects. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-124-3 directly targets the 3' untranslated region of LRRC1 to downregulate LRRC1 expression. Conclusions: Hypermethylation-mediated downregulation of miR-124-3 results in increased LRRC1 expression, which drives OSCC progression. These findings highlight DNA methylation of miR-124-3 as a potential biomarker for the early detection of OSCC and a therapeutic target for OSCC treatments.