Abstract
The peritoneum is a thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It serves as a conduit for the spread of various pathological processes, including gas and fluid collections, inflammation, infections, and neoplastic conditions. Peritoneal carcinomatosis is the most common and well-known pathology involving the peritoneum, typically resulting from the dissemination of gastrointestinal and pelvic malignancies. However, numerous benign and malignant peritoneal diseases can mimic the imaging appearance of peritoneal carcinomatosis. The aim of this review is to revisit the anatomy of peritoneal compartments and elucidate the patterns of peritoneal disease spread. Emphasis is placed on identifying the distinctive imaging features of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic peritoneal diseases that differ from peritoneal carcinomatosis.