Abstract
Mitochondria-rich brown adipocytes dissipate cellular energy as heat. Excessive nutrition or prolonged cold exposure suppress thermogenesis, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we report that excessive cold or metabolic stress-induced proton leak into the matrix interface of mitochondrial innermembrane (IM) mobilizes 73 proteins from IM into matrix, which in turn alter mitochondrial bioenergetics. Interactome analysis indicates that key subunits of the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter provide histidine-rich IM docking sites for 40 translocating proteins via pH-dependent protein-protein interactions. We further determine that 34% of translocating proteins correlate with obesity in human subcutaneous adipose tissue among which the top factor, acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 (ACOT9), enzymatically deactivates and prevents the utilization of acetyl-CoA in thermogenesis and promotes obesity. Overall, this study introduces stress-induced submitochondrial protein translocation as a new mitochondrial mechanism. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: Mitochondrial stress regulates energy utilization by forcing translocation of IM-bound proteins into the matrix.