Abstract
C(60) has been regarded as a suitable photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy due to its excitation in the phototherapeutic window (650-900 nm), high quantum yields of (1)O(2) generation, and low dark toxicity. However, the use of this molecule in biomedical applications has been limited by its high aggregation tendency in polar solvents (e.g., water), resulting in quenching of its excited states. In this study, a C(60)-peptide conjugate, C(60)-oligo-Lys, with a lower aggregation tendency was investigated by chemical, physical, and photophysical methods in comparison to a previously reported water-soluble C(60)-PEG conjugate. Photoinduced (1)O(2) generation was evaluated by both phosphorescence at 1274 nm and the electron spin resonance method in an aqueous solution, with comparison to the control C(60)-PEG, revealing the superior capacity of the C(60)-oligo-Lys conjugate. Importantly, the photoinduced type I electron transfer reaction is occurring in C60-oligo-Lys very efficiently, even in the absence of an e(-) donor, presumably due to the partially unprotonated amines in the peptide, to form O(2) (•-) and (•)OH, which are generated in a further enhanced way by the addition of a physiological concentration of NADH. These species are more harmful to the target cells, including hypoxic tissues with limited oxygen concentration. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed different excited state dynamics for C(60)-oligo-Lys and C(60)-PEG at short time scales in water. By an in vitro cellular assay, significant cytotoxicity of C(60)-oligo-Lys was observed (IC(50) < 1 μM) on HeLa cells under visible light irradiation (527, 630, and 660 nm), while very limited cytotoxicity was observed for C(60)-PEG (IC(50) > 25 μM) under the same conditions. The strongly enhanced photocytotoxicity of C(60)-oligo-Lys can be ascribed to the higher generation of both type I and type II ROS in addition to the potential affinity of the positively charged oligo-Lys moiety for the negatively charged cell membrane. The C(60)-oligo-Lys conjugate reported in this study therefore shows high potential as a core photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.