Abstract
BACKGROUND: Self-care plays an important role in the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF) and adequately performed self-care at home can contribute to fewer hospitalizations, lower mortality risk and require less emergency care. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of nursing interventions on HF-related self-care at home. METHODS: Medline, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane database, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and trial registers were searched up to 31st December 2022. We aimed to include experimental and observational studies with a control group investigating nursing interventions including transitional care, home care programs, phone calls, digital interventions, or a combination thereof on self-care of patients with HF. Outcomes were self-care maintenance, self-care management, and self-care behaviours, measured with various instruments. The screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, and disagreements were solved by a third reviewer. Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach were used. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included (2176 participants), of which 24 were randomised controlled trials. Three categories of interventions emerged, called "transitional care", "home care", and "remote interventions". Transitional care aimed at caring for patients at their homes after discharge through phone calls, digital interventions, and home visits may result in little to no difference in self-care maintenance (MD 7.26, 95% CI 5.20, 9.33) and self-care management (MD 5.02, 95% CI 1.34, 8.69) while contrasting results emerged in self-care behaviours since two out of six studies reported no improvements in self-care. Home care combined with phone calls or digital interventions likely increase self-management and self-care behaviours (MD -7.91, 95% CI -9.29, -6.54). Remote care could improve self-care behaviours when delivered as phone call programs, but they are ineffective on all outcomes when delivered as digital interventions alone. CONCLUSION: Transitional care and home care combined with phone calls and digital interventions, and phone calls caring for patients at their home could slightly improve self-care in patients with HF. However, more research is needed to study the effects across different domains of self-care and of interventions delivered through digital interventions alone.