Abstract
The brick manufacturing process contributes to the presence of heavy metals, particularly in the microenvironment surrounding the kilns. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of heavy metal-containing brick kiln emissions on the reproductive health and hematobiochemical parameters of brick kiln workers in Layyah, Pakistan. The current study involved (n = 300) workers and (n = 200) non-workers. Demographic data, health history and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Blood samples were collected to determine heavy metal concentrations, hematological profiles, and liver function tests. A significant decrease in BMI (Kg/m(2)) and blood sugar (mg/dL) levels, while an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP; mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; mmHg) among workers was recorded. Analysis of blood samples revealed elevated levels of lead (µg/dL) and cadmium (µg/dL) in workers compared to non-workers. Increased white blood cells (1 × 10(3)), platelet count (1 × 10(3)), alkaline phosphatase (U/L), alanine transaminase (U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (U/L), and bilirubin total (mg/dL) levels were noted. Reactive oxygen species (μmole/min) and thiobarbituric acid (mM/mg/protein) levels increased while decreased haemoglobin (g/dL), red blood cells (1 × 10(6)), albumin (g/dL), protein (g/dL), catalase (U/min), superoxide dismutase (U/min), peroxidase (nmole) and reduced glutathione (mM/l) were evident among workers as compared with the non-workers. Significant increase in total cholesterol (mmole/L), low-density lipoprotein (mmole/L) and triglyceride (mmole/L), while a substantial decrease in high-density lipoprotein (mg/dL), immunoglobulin M (g/dL) and testosterone levels (ng/ml) was noted among workers as compared with non-workers. Pearson correlation between lead and antioxidants (GSH, SOD) levels was significant. The present study examines the increasing heavy metal burden in the blood of brick kiln workers, which causes reproductive health issues due to higher oxidative stress conditions. The present study highlights valuable awareness regarding the consequences of heavy metal exposure on the health of brick kiln workers.