Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds resembling human estrogen and have recently gained attention due to their potential role in improving cardiovascular health. These compounds exert their effects through various mechanisms, including interactions with estrogen receptors, growth factor receptors, inflammatory mediators, thrombogenic reactions, and apoptotic pathways. This results in cardioprotective effects like modulating endothelial function, decreasing vessel tone, reducing inflammation, altering lipid profiles, and influencing arrhythmogenesis. Recent studies indicate the intricate and multidimensional association between phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease. Despite the overwhelming evidence that phytoestrogen intake lowers the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), prevents atherosclerosis, improves cardiac function, prevents hypertension, and reduces the risk of arrhythmias, there have been studies that show contradictory outcomes. For this reason, the therapeutic use of phytoestrogens for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which appears to be extremely promising, should be handled cautiously, considering the individual variances, dosage, and the specific components of phytoestrogens. This review consolidates findings on the effects of phytoestrogens on the heart and blood vessels, explores the mechanisms behind these interactions, and seeks to determine the best methods for using phytoestrogens as a supplement in managing and preventing cardiovascular disease. By understanding these aspects, we can better evaluate the potential of phytoestrogens in cardiovascular health and develop guidelines for their safe and effective use.