Abstract
BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests a potential link between periodontal disease and the development of atherosclerosis, positioning periodontal disease as a possible risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study aimed to evaluate periodontal status in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) by measuring the Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) score in individuals undergoing coronary angiography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 300 patients scheduled for coronary angiography at K.S. Hegde Medical Hospital, Mangalore, India, were recruited. Comprehensive medical and dental histories were obtained prior to the procedure. The PISA score was calculated using standardized periodontal measurements. Patients were categorized into three groups based on angiographic findings: no coronary artery blockage, blockage in one or more vessels with <50% stenosis, and blockage in one or more vessels with ≥50% stenosis. Additional subgroup analyses were conducted for single-, double-, and triple-vessel disease. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A significant increase in PISA scores was observed in patients with ≥50% coronary artery stenosis compared to those with <50% stenosis and no stenosis. However, the extent of vessel obstruction appeared independent of the degree of periodontal destruction. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that periodontal disease may act as a pro-atherogenic factor in the context of CAD, potentially contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis rather than being a direct causative agent. These findings underscore the importance of considering oral health in cardiovascular risk assessment and management for patients with coronary artery disease.