Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation without race correction factor is frequently used for an estimate of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and to support a single-sample GFR regime. This study examines whether neural networks offer a potential means to improve the accuracy of GFR estimates using the same initial inputs as eGFR. METHODS: An audit of 865 adult GFR examinations and serum creatinine measurements between January 2010 and 2024 was undertaken. Patient sex, age, creatinine, and measured GFR were used to train a neural network (NN) model with an 80 : 20 train-test split, with test set root mean square error (RMSE), accuracy, median bias, and sensitivity calculated and compared against the 2009 CKD-EPI equation eGFR. RESULTS: NN GFR showed an improved performance against the 2009 CKD-EPI equation in RMSE: 12.0 vs. 16.6 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ( P < 0.001), median bias: -2.50 vs. 7.86 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ( P < 0.001) and accuracy: 94.2 vs. 83.2% ( P < 0.001). Both NN GFR and the eGFR equation had poor sensitivity across the British Nuclear Medicine Society single-sample ranges of 25-50, 50-70, 70-100, and >100 mL/min/1.73 m 2 : 57.9 vs. 57.9%, 50.0 vs. 26.9%, 84.4 vs. 54.2%, 10.0 vs. 70.0%. CONCLUSION: This study has suggested that locally trained NNs can offer a potential avenue to improve GFR predictions, even on small and diverse datasets. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Although the model is not sufficiently sensitive to predict the optimum time-sample point for a single-sample regime, this work can serve as a proof of concept for UK-specific NN GFR models.