Abstract
Despite the burgeoning literature linking prosocial helping behaviors and cognitive function, empirical evidence on whether transitions into and out of helping roles-and how dynamic changes in time commitment-shape cognitive outcomes remain limited. Moreover, most research has focused on formal volunteering, leaving the cognitive outcomes associated with informal helping-assistance provided directly to non-household individuals-largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the linkages between two forms of helping behaviors-formal volunteering and informal helping-and late-life cognitive function, focusing on dynamic changes in these behaviors over time. Drawing on the life course perspective and two decades of longitudinal data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (1998-2020; N = 31,303), we employed the asymmetric fixed-effects modeling approach within a multilevel framework to assess how intra-individual changes in helper role status and time commitment shape cognitive function trajectories. Results indicated that transitioning into volunteering and informal helping were both associated with a higher level of cognitive function and a slower cognitive decline, and highlighted how sustained engagement in helping can yield cumulative cognitive benefits that progressively become greater over time. The findings also provide unique evidence on the level of time commitment in helping behaviors needed to achieve cognitive benefits, where moderate levels of helping (approximately 2-4 weekly hours) were consistently linked to robust cognitive benefits for both forms of helping. These findings highlight prosocial helping behaviors as impactful, modifiable lifestyle interventions for promoting cognitive health in aging populations.