Abstract
Amplified by the decline in antibiotic discovery, the rise of antibiotic resistance has become a significant global challenge in infectious disease control. Extraintestinal Escherichia coli (ExPEC), known to be the most common instigators of urinary tract infections (UTIs), represent such global threat. Novel strategies for more efficient treatments are therefore desperately needed. These include silver nanoparticles, which have been used as antimicrobial surface-coatings on catheters to eliminate biofilm-forming uropathogens and reduce the risk of nosocomial infections. AGXX(®) is a promising silver coating that presumably kills bacteria through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but is more potent than silver. However, neither is AGXX(®)'s mode of action fully understood, nor have its effects on Gram-negative bacteria or bacterial response and defense mechanisms towards AGXX(®) been studied in detail. Here, we report that the bactericidal effects of AGXX(®) are primarily based on ROS formation, as supplementation of the media with a ROS scavenger completely abolished AGXX(®)-induced killing. We further show that AGXX(®) impairs the integrity of the bacterial cell envelope and causes substantial protein aggregation and DNA damage already at sublethal concentrations. ExPEC strains appear to be more resistant to the proteotoxic effects of AGXX(®) compared to non-pathogenic E. coli, indicating improved defense capabilities of the uropathogen. Global transcriptomic studies of AGXX(®)-stressed ExPEC revealed a strong oxidative stress response, perturbations in metal homeostasis, as well as the activation of heat shock and DNA damage responses. Finally, we present evidence that ExPEC counter AGXX(®) damage through the production of the chaperone polyphosphate.