Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is a nanoscale platform that coordinates T cell activation, cytoskeletal polarization, Ca(2+) signaling, and the directed secretion of lytic granules. In cancers, an acidic tumor microenvironment (TME; extracellular pH(e) ~ 6.4-6.8) imposes a biophysical and metabolic stress that could destabilize this interface. Experimental studies indicate that even modest acidification could significantly reduce integrin-dependent adhesion strength, delay actin clearance at the synapse, and suppress store-operated Ca(2+) entry, thereby leading to marked decreases in cytokine production and cytotoxic granule release. In parallel, tumor cells often maintain relative intracellular alkalinity by enhancing proton export via transporters such as NHE1, MCT1/4, and CAIX, thereby reinforcing cortical actin "shielding," metabolic resilience, and resistance to perforin-mediated killing. These asymmetric pH adaptations may therefore establish a hidden checkpoint at the IS that favors tumor survival. We synthesize current evidence on pH-dependent regulation of actin dynamics, integrin activation, mitochondrial function, and Ca(2+) channels (Orai1/STIM1); highlight key methodological gaps, including the lack of approaches combining real-time intra- and extracellular pH and Ca(2+) imaging; and discuss enabling technologies such as microfluidic platforms, genetically encoded pH sensors, and multiparametric single-cell assays. Finally, we outline therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating pH (buffers, inhibitors of NHE1, MCTs, V-ATPases, or CAIX) or engineering pH-resistant effector cells and consider how these approaches could synergize with immune checkpoint blockade, CAR-T cells, and bispecific antibodies. Viewing acidosis as a druggable checkpoint reframes the IS as a bidirectional, pH-tuned system and suggests testable paths to restore antitumor immunity.