Abstract
Confronted with increasing global food demands, diminishing arable land, and climate volatility, controlled-environment agriculture with advanced red and far-red LED lighting can enhance photosynthesis and optimize plant growth. This investigation reports the generation of a Mn(4+)/Nd(3+) co-doped Y(2)SiO(5) phosphor with a Nd(3+) concentration ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 mol% via a solid-state synthesis method, aiming to enhance red and far-red emission for plant cultivation LEDs. For the Y(2)SiO(5):Mn(4+) (1 mol%), Nd(3+) (2 mol%) phosphor, the phase integrity, nanostructured morphology, elemental mapping, and vibrational characteristics were examined using XRD, Rietveld analysis, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. Nd(3+) ions act as near-infrared excitation mediators, ensuring efficient Nd(3+) → Mn(4+) energy transfer upon 808 nm excitation, and this leads to pronounced red photoluminescence from Mn(4+) ions that covers the range of 640-710 nm, exhibiting strong emission peaks centered at 650nm, 663nm, and 685nm, coinciding with the absorption band of phytochromes and chlorophyll. The optimal emission intensity was accomplished for a Nd(3+) doping concentration of 2 mol%, beyond which concentration quenching occurred. The material produced a strong, concentrated deep red emission with CIE coordinates near (0.73, 0.27) and a high color purity of 98.96%, making it well-suited for photosynthetic activation. A phosphor-integrated red pc-LED was fabricated, and Tulsi plants were grown under this LED during the winter in Meghalaya, a period critical for plant growth due to the low ambient light. Over a 30-day period, the plants exhibited enhanced height and leaf development, demonstrating the practical potential of Mn(4+)/Nd(3+) co-doped Y(2)SiO(5) for energy-efficient, wavelength-optimized horticultural lighting.