Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary choices play an essential role in energy balance and weight gain. This systematic umbrella review investigates the association between the intake of various food groups (whole grains, refined grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, eggs, total dairy, red meat, white meat, processed meat, added sugar, and sugar-sweetened beverages) and their associations to the risk of obesity and being overweight. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Epistemonikos for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. A total of 2925 articles were screened, and 13 articles were included in our analysis. RESULTS: For each food group, data included a mean of 166,100 participants and 36,760 cases, ranging from 19,885 participants and 7183 cases for red meat to 520,331 participants and 91,256 cases for nuts. Heterogeneity was high for most of the food groups except for whole grains and sugar-sweetened beverages. The quality of the most comprehensive meta-analyses was high for all food groups, except for processed meats, which was of low quality. High intakes of whole grains, legumes, nuts, and fruits are associated with a reduced risk of overweight and obesity. In contrast, high intakes of red meat and sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity. No significant results were found for the remaining food groups, and no meta-analysis was found for fish, eggs, white meat, and added sugars. CONCLUSIONS: Diets rich in whole grains, legumes, nuts, and fruits are associated with a lower risk of developing obesity and being overweight. In contrast, diets high in red meat and sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity.