Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcriptional regulators. Regulation of the nuclear receptors occurs through changes to the structure and dynamics of the ligand-binding domain. Therefore, the need has arisen for a rapid method capable of detecting changes in the dynamics of nuclear receptors following ligand binding. We recently described how solution-phase amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) provides a biophysical technique for probing changes in protein dynamics induced by ligand interaction. Building from this platform, we have optimized the robustness of the differential HDX experiment by minimizing systematic errors, and have increased the efficiency of the chromatographic separation through the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. Using knowledge gained previously from comprehensive HDX experiments of PPARgamma, a modest throughput method to probe changes in the dynamics of key regions of the receptor was developed. A collection of ten synthetic and endogenous PPARgamma ligands were characterized with this new method requiring approximately 24 h of analysis. This is a dramatic improvement over the 10 d of analysis that would have been required with our previous approach for comprehensive differential HDX analysis. In addition to demonstrating the utility of this approach, the study presented here is the first to measure changes to the dynamics of PPARgamma upon the binding of putative endogenous ligands.