Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is essential in converting extracellular signals into tightly regulated cellular responses controlling vital processes such as growth, development, and gene expression. Activation of PKA is controlled by the binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunit of PKA (R). Several mutations in the ubiquitous RIα isoform of R cause Acrodysostosis 1 (ACRO), a disease characterized by resistance to thyroid-stimulating and parathyroid hormones leading to severe congenital malformations. This work examines the recurrent R366X truncation ACRO mutant, which exhibits severe PKA hypoactivation due to loss of sensitivity to cAMP and the impairment of allosteric networks. The R366X RIα mutant has been previously studied via X-ray crystallography, but the crystal structure only captured the inhibited state and showed minimal difference from the wild type structure. Additionally, previous studies only examined the effects of ACRO mutants on the activation cycle of PKA (i.e. sensitivity to cAMP binding). Here we focus on the less understood signal termination cycle. We hypothesize that R366X acts by perturbing dynamic intermediates relevant to the PKA deactivation cycle, which are not fully recapitulated by static structures. To test our hypothesis, we combined low- and high-resolution approaches for probing protein-ligand binging, mutant stability, and identifying regions exhibiting aberrant allosteric behaviors. Based on our results, we propose a novel mechanism whereby R366X not only impairs physiological PKA activation but also accelerates PKA deactivation by increasing the rate of phosphodiesterase-catalyzed cAMP hydrolysis to 5'-AMP. Our studies shed new light on the current understanding of PKA dysregulation and ACRO's molecular etiology, outlining a multi-resolution experimental design which is transferable to other ACRO mutants.