Abstract
Most freshwater mussels (FM) in Europe have dramatically declined and are now facing extinction due to human disturbances. Given the recent EU initiatives to protect and restore freshwater ecosystems, public awareness should be considered in the implementation of possible management measures. With this aim, a total of 1102 interviews exploring FM knowledge and use were carried out in four European regions. Results evidenced differences linked to socio-economic metrics-e.g., human density, GDP, residency, and sex-though using FM is independent of being aware of threats they face. Low awareness of FM threats makes Southeastern Europe the most challenging region for conservation, while in Southwestern Europe, poor knowledge about their existence may hinder engagement. To address these challenges, targeted educational campaigns and engagement initiatives should be developed to increase awareness in both regions.